more This paper examines how monuments with ‘local’ idiosyncrasies are key in processes of place-making and how, through persistence, such places can engage in supra-local and even ‘global’ dynamics. This paper examines how monuments with ‘local’ idiosyncrasies are key in processes of place-makin. The study of the newly discovered Mirasiviene stela shows that multidisciplinary, cutting-edge non-destructive archaeology can shed significant new light on these prehistoric monuments, thus providing a glimpse of what in our opinion is a paradigm shift in the research of similar monuments throughout Europe. Probably linked to elites, ‘houses’ or kin groups of this time, stelae were set in symbolically-charged places, liminal spaces nearby water, burials and pathways, attracting a range of ritual activities throughout the centuries. Ultimately, this paper makes a case for the stelae of Mirasiviene and Setefilla being polyvalent monuments made by local artisans, that served both as a landmarks and memorials in connection with dense late second and early first millennium BCE settlement patterns in the region.
Comparisons to the well-known nearby Bronze Age and Iron Age site of Setefilla are made throughout the discussion. Secondly, we discuss the results in relation to three main topics: stela biography, social practices and landscape context.
Firstly, we introduce the Mirasiviene stela and the methods deployed for its investigation, which include a variety of digital imaging techniques, petrography, pXRF, intensive survey and multi-scalar spatial analysis. This paper aims to demonstrate the potential of a multidisciplinary and contextual approach to push forward the research agenda on these monuments through a case study. 140) and the ample body of literature that has dealt with them, fundamental questions remain unanswered. As a result, despite the large number of these stelae known to date (c. Traditionally, stelae were considered ‘de-contextualised’ monuments, and research typically focused on the study of their iconography, paying little or no attention to their immediate contexts. more Iberian ‘warrior’ stelae have captured the imagination of researchers and the public for more than a century. Iberian ‘warrior’ stelae have captured the imagination of researchers and the public for more tha. This study also shows that the lead pollution record locally reached near present-day values many times in the past, suggesting intensive use and manipulation of lead during those periods in this area. At the same time, since ~4000 cal BP, an increase in fire activity is observed in this area, which is also coupled with deforestation and increased erosion rates. This lead pollution was especially important during Late Bronze and Early Iron ages. Although the onset of metallurgy in Southern Iberia is a matter of controversy, here we show the oldest lead pollution record from Western Europe in a continuous paleoenvironmental sequence, which suggests clear lead pollution caused by metallurgical activities since ~3900 cal BP (Early Bronze Age). In this paper, the anthropogenic signature of early metallurgy in Southern Iberia during the Holocene, more specifically during the Late Prehistory, was assessed by mean of a multiproxy approach: comparison of atmospheric lead pollution, fire regimes, deforestation, mass sediment transport, and archeological data.
A correct determination of natural lead levels is very important in order to evaluate anthropogenic lead contributions. more Present day lead pollution is an environmental hazard of global proportions. Present day lead pollution is an environmental hazard of global proportions.
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